Governments and central banks implement various policies to control inflation and deflation and maintain price stability. Monetary policy measures, such as adjusting interest rates, managing the money supply, and conducting open market operations, aim to influence borrowing costs, aggregate demand, and inflationary pressures. Fiscal policies, such as taxation and government spending, can also impact inflation and deflation by affecting aggregate demand and the availability of resources. Supply-side policies, including reforms to improve productivity, reduce production costs, and enhance market competition, can contribute to price stability by increasing the efficiency of resource allocation. Inflation targeting, where central banks set explicit inflation targets and adjust monetary policy accordingly, is another approach used to control inflation. The specific policies and strategies employed vary based on country-specific circumstances, inflationary pressures, and policy frameworks. Understanding policies to control inflation and deflation helps policymakers, businesses, and individuals assess the effectiveness of different measures, anticipate changes in price levels, and make informed economic decisions.