Introduction
The Tudor period (1485-1603) was a time of significant change in England, marked by religious upheaval, foreign wars, and the rise of a powerful monarchy. However, despite the autocratic tendencies of some Tudor monarchs, Parliament was not a passive bystander. It challenged royal authority in various ways, shaping the political landscape of the era.

Challenge 1: Religion
Subheading: Parliamentary Resistance to Religious Change
Point 1: The English Reformation, initiated by Henry VIII, brought about a profound shift in religious authority from the Pope to the Crown. However, Parliament did not always comply with Henry's wishes. For instance, during the dissolution of the monasteries, there was considerable resistance in Parliament, demonstrating an unwillingness to simply rubber-stamp royal policy, even on such a key issue.
Point 2: Furthermore, Parliament played a key role in the religious see-sawing that characterized the Tudor period. After Henry VIII's death, Parliament under Edward VI pushed for further Protestant reforms, while Mary I's reign saw Parliament reinstate Catholicism. This highlights Parliament's capacity to act as a vehicle for the religious sentiments of the nation, even if ultimately reflecting the monarch's faith.

Challenge 2: Succession and Marriage
Subheading: Parliament's Role in National Stability
Point 1: The issue of succession was a constant source of anxiety during the Tudor period, and Parliament often took an active role in attempting to sikre the lineage. Evidence: For example, Henry VIII's multiple marriages and his desire for a male heir led to parliamentary acts of succession that validated his chosen heir while also highlighting the monarch's need for parliamentary approval in such crucial matters.
Point 2: Parliament's concern for stability extended to urging monarchs, particularly Elizabeth I, to marry. This pressure, while stemming from anxieties about a female ruler, underscores Parliament's perceived role in safeguarding the future of the nation, even if it meant intruding on the monarch's personal life.


Challenge 3: Taxation and Financial Control
Subheading: Limiting Monarchial Power Through the Purse Strings
Point 1: One of Parliament's most powerful tools was its control over taxation. Monarchs, especially when engaged in costly wars or ventures, required parliamentary approval for new taxes. Evidence: This gave Parliament leverage to negotiate with the monarch and influence royal policies. For example, Elizabeth I's need for funds to fight Spain led to increased parliamentary scrutiny of her financial decisions.
Point 2: Parliament also used its financial power to hold the monarchy accountable for its spending. This often involved demanding audits and investigations into royal finances, further demonstrating Parliament's growing assertiveness in curtailing any perceived financial mismanagement.

Conclusion
While the Tudor monarchs remain imposing figures in English history, the role of Parliament in challenging their authority should not be underestimated. Whether in matters of religion, succession, or finance, Parliament demonstrated a growing awareness of its own power and its responsibility in shaping the destiny of the nation. This complex and evolving relationship between the Crown and Parliament would continue to shape English politics in the centuries to come, ultimately laying the foundation for the constitutional monarchy that exists today.