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In what ways did the lives of the German people change during the Stresemann era (1924-1929)? Explain your answer.

Level

GCSE

Year Examined

2021

Topic

Germany, 1890–1945: Democracy and dictatorship

👑Complete Model Essay

In what ways did the lives of the German people change during the Stresemann era (1924-1929)? Explain your answer.

In what ways did the lives of the German people change during the Stresemann era (1924-1929)? Explain your answer.

Introduction
The end of World War One left Germany in ruins, both economically and socially. The harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, coupled with hyperinflation, crippled the German economy and bred resentment within its people. It was during this turbulent period that Gustav Stresemann rose to prominence. As Foreign Minister and Chancellor, Stresemann aimed to restore Germany's international standing and rebuild its shattered economy. While his policies did bring about significant changes, these were often double-edged, offering prosperity alongside lingering resentment and instability.

Economic Changes
Positive Changes:
Stresemann's most immediate success was tackling hyperinflation. The introduction of the Rentenmark in 1923, later replaced by the Reichsmark, stabilized the currency and brought an end to the economic chaos that had plagued Germany. This, combined with the Dawes Plan (1924) and Young Plan (1929) which renegotiated reparation payments, brought much-needed foreign investment. Industry, particularly in sectors like automobiles and chemicals, experienced a boom, leading to a decrease in unemployment and an increase in production.
Negative Changes/Limitations:
Despite these positive developments, the economic recovery was not without its downsides. The hyperinflation had wiped out the savings of many, especially the middle class, leaving behind a legacy of resentment. Furthermore, the benefits of the economic upswing were not evenly distributed. Farmers and rural communities continued to struggle, widening the gap between urban prosperity and rural hardship. Finally, Germany's economic recovery became heavily reliant on foreign loans, creating a fragile system susceptible to external shocks.

Social Changes
Positive Changes:
The Stresemann era coincided with the "Golden Twenties," a period of vibrant cultural expression. Berlin, in particular, became a hub for artistic innovation, pushing boundaries in art, literature, and cinema. This period also saw increased opportunities for women in education and the workforce, reflecting a trend towards greater social liberation.
Negative Changes/Limitations:
This embrace of modernity, however, created a cultural clash. Traditional values were challenged by the new social freedoms, leading to tensions within German society. Economic disparities further fueled resentment, dividing the wealthy urbanites from the struggling working class and rural population. Many, particularly in rural areas, clung to conservative values and felt alienated by the rapid cultural changes occurring in the cities.

Political Changes
Positive Changes:
Stresemann's foreign policy achievements were significant. The Locarno Treaties (1925), in which Germany guaranteed its western borders and renounced the use of force, significantly eased tensions with France and Belgium. This paved the way for Germany's entry into the League of Nations in 1926, marking its return to the international stage and fostering a sense of national pride after years of isolation.
Negative Changes/Limitations:
However, these successes came at a price. The concessions made in foreign policy, particularly the acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles’ territorial clauses, were met with fierce opposition from right-wing nationalists who saw it as a betrayal. The deep-seated desire for the treaty's revision, coupled with the resentment stemming from economic hardship and social upheaval, created fertile ground for extremist groups on both the left and right. This contributed to the continued political instability of the Weimar Republic, characterized by fragile coalition governments and rising political violence.

Conclusion
The Stresemann era was a period of profound change for the German people. Economic recovery brought relative prosperity and stability, while cultural change ushered in a new era of artistic expression and social freedom. However, these positive changes were shadowed by lingering resentment, economic disparities, and political instability. Ultimately, Stresemann’s successes were built on a fragile foundation. His inability to bridge the deep social and political divisions within German society, coupled with the looming threat of extremism, meant that the progress achieved during this era proved tragically fleeting. The unresolved tensions and simmering discontent of the Stresemann years would eventually contribute to the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the dark chapter that followed.

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In what ways did the lives of the German people change during the Stresemann era (1924-1929)? Explain your answer.

Introduction
- Briefly outline the state of Germany after WWI and the impact of hyperinflation.
- Introduce Stresemann and his aims for recovery and stability.
- Thesis Statement: The Stresemann era brought a mixed bag of changes to the German people. While economic recovery and international rehabilitation were evident, significant social and political divisions remained, ultimately hindering a complete transformation of German life.

Economic Changes
Positive Changes:
- Introduction of the Rentenmark and later the Reichsmark - stabilized the currency and ended hyperinflation.
- Dawes Plan (1924) and Young Plan (1929) - restructured reparation payments, attracted foreign investment, and boosted industry.
- Unemployment decreased, and industrial output rose, particularly in new industries like automobiles and chemicals.
Negative Changes/Limitations:
- Many Germans, especially the middle class, still harbored resentment over the loss of savings during the hyperinflation.
- Benefits of economic growth were unevenly distributed, with farmers and rural populations experiencing little improvement.
- Reliance on foreign loans created economic vulnerability.

Social Changes
Positive Changes:
- "Golden Twenties" - emergence of a vibrant cultural scene in Berlin and other cities, characterized by artistic innovation and social liberation.
- Increased opportunities for women in education and the workforce.
Negative Changes/Limitations:
- Traditional values clashed with the emerging modernity, causing social tensions.
- Economic disparities persisted, leading to resentment and social divisions.
- Many Germans, especially in rural areas, clung to conservative values and felt alienated by the cultural changes.

Political Changes
Positive Changes:
- Locarno Treaties (1925) - eased tensions with France and Belgium, paving the way for Germany's entry into the League of Nations.
- Germany's international standing improved, fostering a sense of renewed national pride.
Negative Changes/Limitations:
- Right-wing opposition to Stresemann's policies, particularly the concessions made in foreign policy, grew stronger.
- Many Germans still felt humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles and longed for its revision.
- Political instability persisted, with numerous coalition governments and extremist groups gaining support.

Conclusion
- Summarize the mixed impact of the Stresemann era on German life.
- Emphasize that while Stresemann's policies provided a period of relative stability and prosperity, they failed to address the underlying social and political divisions within German society.
- Link the limitations of the Stresemann era to the rise of extremism and the eventual collapse of the Weimar Republic. ( This sets the stage for future study beyond the scope of the essay prompt.)

Extracts from Mark Schemes

Stresemann's Policies
Under Stresemann, Germans gained a stable currency in the Reichsmark, but the middle classes still blamed him and the government for the loss of their savings in the hyperinflation of 1923. Large groups of Germans, such as the farmers, still had a low income and did not benefit from the extra factory jobs that American money helped create.

Although Germany regained some of her international status through the signing of the Locarno pact in 1925, and joining the League of Nations in 1926, many right-wing groups criticised Stresemann for not really gaining back land taken under the Treaty of Versailles.

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