How far was the Political Nation able to assert its influence over the Crown in the years 1678 to 1702?

The period from 1678 to 1702 witnessed a dramatic shift in the balance of power between the Crown and the Political Nation in England. This period, marked by political and religious upheaval, saw the Crown's authority challenged and ultimately redefined. While the extent to which the Political Nation achieved dominance is debatable, there's no denying its significant influence during these years. This essay will argue that while the Political Nation made significant strides in asserting its influence, culminating in the Glorious Revolution and its aftermath, the Crown was not entirely subdued, and the relationship remained complex and constantly evolving.

The Tory Anglican Ascendancy: Control or Collaboration?

The Exclusion Crisis (1678-1681) saw the rise of the Whigs, who aimed to exclude the Catholic James II from the throne. Their failure, coupled with Charles II's political maneuvering, led to the Tory Anglican dominance from 1681 to 1685. This period might seem like a resurgence of royal authority. Charles, having dissolved Parliament, ruled without it, effectively neutralizing the Whigs. However, it's crucial to recognize that this was less about Charles asserting absolute power and more about aligning himself with the dominant political force – the Tories. Charles, a shrewd politician, understood the need to maintain the support of the Political Nation, albeit a specific faction.

The Glorious Revolution: A Coup of the Political Nation?

The ascension of James II in 1685 and his overt Catholicism proved to be a turning point. James's attempts to impose his religious views, bypass Parliament, and build a standing army alienated even the Tories. This led to the invitation of William of Orange by leading members of the Political Nation, culminating in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

The Glorious Revolution can certainly be interpreted as a coup by the Political Nation. James II's removal demonstrated their growing power to dictate the monarchy's terms. The subsequent Bill of Rights (1689) solidified Parliament's supremacy, outlining limitations on royal power and guaranteeing specific parliamentary rights. This landmark act fundamentally shifted the balance of power in favor of the Political Nation.

Financial Revolution and the Institutionalization of Parliament:

The reign of William III, while established through the invitation of the Political Nation, also saw the further institutionalization of its power due to the financial needs of the new regime. William III's wars against France necessitated a significant increase in government revenue. This led to the development of new financial institutions, such as the Bank of England, and innovative financial practices, collectively known as the Financial Revolution.

This revolution had profound political implications. The reliance on Parliament to raise funds through taxation further strengthened its position. The Crown became increasingly dependent on Parliament for financial stability, enhancing the latter's leverage in political matters.

The Rise of a New Political Elite:

Concurrent with these developments was the growth of London as a financial center. This fostered a new wealthy class whose economic interests gave them a stake in the political landscape. This ‘monied interest’ found representation in Parliament, further amplifying its influence over the Crown.

However, it's important to note that this new political landscape wasn't about entirely sidelining the monarchy. The Crown remained a powerful symbol, and its prerogative powers, though curtailed, were still significant. The relationship between the Crown and the Political Nation was being redefined, not eradicated.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the period from 1678 to 1702 witnessed a significant shift in the balance of power towards the Political Nation. The tumultuous events of the Exclusion Crisis, the Glorious Revolution, and the subsequent financial changes significantly constrained the Crown's authority. The rise of Parliament as the dominant force in English politics was a defining feature of this era.

Yet, it is crucial to avoid characterizing this period as a complete triumph of the Political Nation. The Crown remained a significant force, and the relationship between the two entities was complex and multifaceted. The Crown adapted, learning to operate within the new constraints. The years 1678 to 1702 were less about an absolute victory for the Political Nation and more about the beginning of a new era marked by a delicate balance of power between the Crown and Parliament, a dynamic that would continue to evolve in the coming centuries.