How significant were the Nuremberg Laws (1935) in the development of Nazi policies towards the Jews? Explain your answer.
Level
IGCSE
Year Examined
2023
Topic
GERMANY, 1918–45
👑Complete Model Essay
How significant were the Nuremberg Laws (1935) in the development of Nazi policies towards the Jews? Explain your answer.
The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were highly significant in the development of Nazi policies towards the Jews. These laws, which included the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour, laid a legal foundation for the systemic persecution and marginalization of Jews in Germany. However, while the Nuremberg Laws were crucial, other events and policies both before and after 1935 also played significant roles in the escalation of anti-Semitic measures leading to the Holocaust.
The Reich Citizenship Law effectively stripped Jews of their German citizenship, reducing them to subjects without rights. This legal change facilitated and legitimized the poor treatment of Jews in various aspects of society, including workplaces and public spaces. By denying Jews the protections and privileges of citizenship, the Nazi regime institutionalized discrimination and set the stage for further oppressive measures. Jews were defined as enemies of the racial state, which justified increasingly severe policies against them. The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour further ostracized Jews by prohibiting marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Aryans. This law also forbade the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households, further isolating Jews socially and economically.
Despite the significant impact of the Nuremberg Laws, earlier actions against Jews had already begun to shape Nazi policy. In 1933, the Nazis organized boycotts of Jewish shops and businesses, and anti-Semitic propaganda became rampant in the press. Public spaces, including cafes and shops, displayed anti-Semitic signs, often guarded by the SA (Sturmabteilung), which intimidated and alienated Jews. Jews were purged from government positions, and soon after, they were removed from roles as teachers, lawyers, and doctors. These actions not only marginalized Jews but also normalized anti-Semitic sentiment among the German population.
Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, in 1938 marked a significant escalation in violence against Jews. This coordinated attack on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues resulted in widespread destruction and the arrest of 30,000 Jewish men, who were sent to concentration camps. Following Kristallnacht, Jews were further ostracized, being banned from engaging in trade, attending German schools, and participating in recreational activities. The violence and persecution led to a significant exodus, with 40% of the Jewish population leaving Germany by 1939.
The Nuremberg Laws also set the stage for more extreme measures during World War II. In occupied Europe, especially Poland, Jews were forced into ghettos under deplorable conditions. The Einsatzgruppen, mobile killing units, began mass shootings of Jews, killing nearly 800,000. The Wannsee Conference in 1942 marked the formalization of the Final Solution, which led to the establishment of extermination camps where six million Jews were murdered.
In conclusion, the Nuremberg Laws were significant in institutionalizing anti-Semitism and laying the groundwork for further atrocities against the Jews. However, these laws were part of a broader trajectory of escalating anti-Semitic policies and actions by the Nazi regime. Early discriminatory measures, widespread violence like Kristallnacht, and the systematic genocide during the Holocaust all contributed to the comprehensive and devastating persecution of Jews. The Nuremberg Laws were a crucial step in this process, but they were neither the beginning nor the end of Nazi anti-Semitic policies.
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Essay Outline: Significance of the Nuremberg Laws in Nazi Policies Towards Jews
This outline structures an essay exploring the significance of the Nuremberg Laws within the broader context of Nazi persecution of Jews.
I. Introduction
⭐Briefly introduce the context of Nazi Germany and its escalating persecution of Jews.
⭐State your thesis, arguing whether the Nuremberg Laws were a turning point in this persecution or a symptom of pre-existing policies.
⭐Briefly outline the arguments that will be presented in the essay.
II. Argument in Favor of the Nuremberg Laws' Significance
⭐Argue that the Nuremberg Laws were a significant escalation of persecution by legally stripping Jews of their citizenship and rights.
⭐Discuss the Reich Citizenship Law and its impact on Jews' social, economic, and political standing.
⭐Analyze the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor and its role in furthering racial segregation and demonization.
⭐Emphasize how these laws provided a legal framework for future discriminatory policies and paved the way for the Holocaust.
III. Counter-Argument: Significance of Pre-Nuremberg Policies
⭐Acknowledge the significance of pre-1935 anti-Semitic actions but argue that they were less systematic and lacked legal backing.
⭐Discuss early boycotts of Jewish businesses, anti-Semitic propaganda, and the purge of Jews from public positions as examples.
⭐Highlight the violence and terror of Kristallnacht, but emphasize its occurrence after the Nuremberg Laws had already laid the groundwork for escalating persecution.
IV. Argument Against the Nuremberg Laws' Sole Significance
⭐Acknowledge the limitations of viewing the Nuremberg Laws as the sole turning point.
⭐Discuss the gradual escalation of persecution after 1935, including the use of ghettos, Einsatzgruppen killings, and the implementation of the "Final Solution."
⭐Connect these events to the Nuremberg Laws, arguing that they provided the legal and ideological basis for this systematic extermination.
V. Conclusion
⭐ Reiterate your thesis, acknowledging the significance of the Nuremberg Laws while recognizing the multifaceted nature of Nazi persecution.
⭐Emphasize the importance of understanding the Nuremberg Laws within a broader historical context to fully grasp their impact.
⭐Conclude with a final thought on the legacy of the Nuremberg Laws and the dangers of legal discrimination and state-sponsored racism.
Extracts from Mark Schemes
How significant were the Nuremberg Laws (1935) in the development of Nazi policies towards the Jews? Explain your answer.
Yes – Nuremberg Laws introduced in 1935; Reich Citizenship Law – denied German citizenship to Jews which legalised poor treatment of Jews in society, workplaces and occupations; legalised future policies against the Jews based on their lack of citizenship and reduced them to subjects without rights; defined as enemies of the racial state; Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour – prohibited sexual contact between Jews and Aryans; forbade marriages between Aryans and Jews; forbade the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households etc.
No – More significant: early boycotts of Jewish shops and businesses in 1933; anti-Semitic articles in the press; anti-Semitic signs in cafes and shops guarded by SA; purge of Jews in government positions and later teachers, lawyers, doctors; Kristallnacht in 1938 – attack on Jewish shops, homes, businesses carried out by SA and SS posing as German citizens; 30 000 sent to concentration camps; Jews then forbidden to engage in trade and could not attend German schools; banned from recreational venues; led to 40% of Jews leaving Germany by 1939; use of ghettos in occupied Europe especially Poland; beginning of mass killings of Jews in 1941 with Einsatzgruppen – nearly 800 000; 1 million killed by mass shootings in occupied Europe; Wannsee Conference led to Final Solution and use of extermination camps; total of 6 million murdered by Nazis etc.