The Achievements of Irish Nationalist Movements: 1791-1921
The assertion that the achievements of Irish nationalist movements were greater in the years from 1880 to 1921 than the years from 1791 to 1880 is a complex one, requiring careful consideration of the political, social, and cultural landscape of Ireland during these periods. While the early 20th century witnessed significant advances in the form of Home Rule and the establishment of the Irish Free State, it is crucial to recognize the substantial achievements of the Irish nationalist movement in the period preceding 1880. This essay will argue that the achievements of Irish nationalist movements were arguably greater in the years from 1791 to 1880, laying the groundwork for the later successes of the early 20th century.

Early Achievements: The Foundations of Irish Nationalism
The period from 1791 to 1880 witnessed the emergence and consolidation of Irish nationalism. The establishment of the United Irishmen in 1791, led by figures like Wolfe Tone, marked a turning point in Irish politics. The United Irishmen advocated for a united and independent Ireland, embracing principles of republicanism and challenging the dominance of the Anglo-Irish Ascendancy. While their rebellion in 1798 ultimately failed, it ignited a powerful sense of national consciousness that would continue to fuel Irish nationalism for generations to come.
The early 19th century also saw the enactment of significant reforms that addressed long-standing grievances within Irish society. The Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829, a critical achievement for Irish nationalists, granted Catholics the right to vote and hold public office. This marked a major step towards equality and paved the way for greater political participation by Irish Catholics.
Peel's Irish reforms in the 1840s, though prompted by the devastating impact of the Great Famine, also addressed long-standing issues within the Irish social and economic structure. These reforms aimed to improve the condition of the Irish peasantry by reforming the Poor Law, addressing the issues of land tenure, and introducing a system of national education. While these reforms were not without their flaws, they represented a recognition of the need for change within Irish society, and their implementation can be seen as a testament to the influence of the Irish nationalist movement.
The period also witnessed notable achievements in the realm of culture. The Irish Literary Renaissance of the late 19th century, with figures like W. B. Yeats, Lady Gregory, and J. M. Synge, revived Irish culture and language, contributing to a renewed sense of national identity and pride.

The Rise of Home Rule and the Challenges of the Late 19th Century
The period from 1880 to 1921 witnessed the rise of the Home Rule movement, a significant development in Irish politics. The formation of the Irish Parliamentary Party under Charles Stewart Parnell was crucial in unifying Irish nationalist sentiment. The party's success in securing a large number of seats in the British Parliament made Home Rule a prominent issue in British politics.

The introduction of Home Rule bills by Gladstone's Liberal government in the 1880s and 1890s, while ultimately failing to pass, marked a turning point in the struggle for Irish self-governance. The debate over Home Rule further galvanized Irish nationalism and demonstrated the growing power of the Irish Parliamentary Party. It also highlighted the deep divisions within British society over Irish autonomy.
The Legacy of the 1916 Rising and the Anglo-Irish Treaty
The Easter Rising of 1916, though ultimately unsuccessful in achieving its immediate goals, proved to be a turning point in the Irish struggle for independence. The execution of the leaders of the Rising by the British government sparked widespread outrage and sympathy for the Irish cause, contributing to a surge in support for Irish nationalism.
The War of Independence, fought between 1919 and 1921, further solidified the Irish nationalist movement's determination to achieve independence. The resulting Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, while controversial, established the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Commonwealth, and marked the beginning of Ireland's journey towards full independence.

Conclusion: A Legacy of Achievement
In conclusion, the achievements of Irish nationalist movements were substantial in both the periods 1791-1880 and 1880-1921. The early period laid the foundations for Irish nationalism, achieving significant reforms and nurturing a strong sense of national consciousness. The later period saw the rise of the Home Rule movement, the establishment of the Irish Free State, and the culmination of decades of struggle in achieving a degree of self-governance. While the achievements of the later period were arguably more dramatic and visible, it is important to recognize the crucial role of the earlier period in building the foundation for Irish nationalism. The achievements of both periods were essential to the ultimate success of the Irish nationalist movement in achieving independence.