British Foreign Policy, 1689-1714: Success or Failure?

The period from 1689 to 1714 witnessed a significant shift in British foreign policy, driven by the ascension of William and Mary after the Glorious Revolution and the subsequent wars with France. Evaluating the effectiveness of British foreign policy during this era is a complex task, requiring careful consideration of both successes and shortcomings. While arguments can be made for both sides, the evidence suggests that British foreign policy, though fraught with challenges, ultimately achieved significant successes, securing a favorable balance of power in Europe and laying the groundwork for future British expansion.

Arguments for Unsuccessful Foreign Policy

Several key events and outcomes can be cited to support the claim that British foreign policy during this period was largely unsuccessful. Critics point to the failure to completely eradicate the threat posed by France. Despite the Nine Years’ War (1688-1697), French power remained formidable, and the subsequent War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) demonstrated that the threat from France had not been fully extinguished. The war also exposed internal divisions within Britain, with a significant minority opposing the war effort, leading to political instability and weakening the government's foreign policy objectives.

Further evidence of unsuccessful foreign policy can be seen in the military setbacks experienced by the British. The defeat at Landen in 1693, the series of defeats in Spain in 1706-1707, and the stalemated situation in the Netherlands are all indicative of the limitations of British military capabilities against the French. The French navy also posed a significant threat, capturing numerous British ships and hindering trade. Despite the celebrated victory at La Hogue in 1692, the failure to effectively attack the French fleet at anchor raises questions about the overall strategic competence of the British navy.

Arguments for Successful Foreign Policy

However, a more nuanced perspective reveals that British foreign policy during this period achieved significant successes, securing strategic advantages in Europe and laying the foundation for future imperial expansion. The Nine Years’ War, though costly, successfully staved off the French threat to European stability. The strategic brilliance of the Duke of Marlborough ensured a series of decisive victories on the European mainland, culminating in the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. These victories, coupled with the naval success achieved under Admiral Rooke, established Britain as a major European power.

Furthermore, British naval power expanded British influence to the Mediterranean, securing Gibraltar and Minorca in 1704 and 1708 respectively. These strategic acquisitions significantly enhanced British naval strength and provided essential bases for maritime operations. The security of the English Channel during the wars was maintained, allowing for uninterrupted trade and communication with Europe. This ensured a stable economic foundation for Britain and contributed to its rise in global power.

The Partition Treaties of 1698 and 1700, although unsuccessful in preventing the War of the Spanish Succession, demonstrated British diplomacy on the international stage. The success in attracting foreign alliances during the War of the Spanish Succession, including the Dutch Republic, Habsburg Austria, and Portugal, is a testament to the strength of British diplomacy. This coalition secured important strategic objectives, notably the protection of Holland's western frontier and the conquest of key Spanish territories in the early years of the war (1704-1706).

The Significance of the Treaty of Utrecht

The Peace of Utrecht in 1713 represents the culmination of British foreign policy during this period. This treaty achieved many of the strategic aims of the British government. The Old Pretender was expelled from France, thus securing the Hanoverian succession. Britain gained the asiento, securing lucrative trade privileges in Spanish America. The French were forced to abandon fortresses in Flanders, reducing their military threat to the Netherlands. These clauses cemented Britain's position as a major European power and provided the foundation for its future imperial expansion.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the effectiveness of British foreign policy from 1689 to 1714 is a matter of perspective. While the period witnessed setbacks and internal divisions, it also saw significant diplomatic successes and strategic gains. The Nine Years’ War and the War of the Spanish Succession ultimately contributed to the establishment of Britain as a leading European power. The victories achieved on the battlefield, the expansion of naval power, and the successful negotiation of the Treaty of Utrecht all demonstrate the strategic brilliance of British foreign policy. Despite the challenges, the period saw Britain emerge as a major player on the world stage, setting the stage for its future dominance in global affairs.