Explain why the Second New Deal was introduced in 1935.

Introduction:
The First New Deal (1933-1934), launched by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, aimed to combat the devastating effects of the Great Depression through relief, recovery, and reform programs. It provided immediate relief to the unemployed, aided farmers, and sought to stabilize the banking system. However, while the First New Deal had some success, it faced criticism for not going far enough to address the ongoing economic hardship and social inequality.
Responding to these criticisms and the persistent economic crisis, Roosevelt launched the Second New Deal in 1935. This phase focused on more radical reforms aimed at providing long-term security for ordinary Americans, tackling unemployment, and stimulating economic growth.

Main Body:

Reason 1: Providing extra support for ordinary Americans
Critics of the First New Deal, particularly those on the left, argued that it did not adequately address the needs of ordinary Americans. They pointed to the millions still unemployed, the lack of a safety net for the elderly and vulnerable, and the persistence of poverty amidst economic recovery. The Second New Deal aimed to address these concerns by implementing programs focused on social security and welfare.
The most significant achievement in this regard was the Social Security Act of 1935. This landmark legislation established a system of old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid to dependent mothers and children, and the disabled. The Social Security Act represented a significant shift in the role of the federal government, creating a safety net for vulnerable Americans and aiming to ensure a basic standard of living for all.

Reason 2: Addressing the persistent high unemployment rate
Despite some recovery from the depths of 1933, unemployment remained a significant problem in 1935, with over 11 million Americans still out of work. The Second New Deal aimed to tackle this issue head-on through direct government intervention in job creation.
The most ambitious program in this area was the Works Progress Administration (WPA), established in 1935. The WPA employed millions of Americans on a wide range of public works projects, including the construction of schools, hospitals, bridges, roads, and airports. The WPA not only provided much-needed employment but also improved the nation's infrastructure and left a lasting legacy of public buildings and facilities. By 1943, the WPA had employed 8.5 million Americans, significantly reducing unemployment and injecting money back into the economy.

Other Potential Reasons:
Several other factors contributed to the introduction of the Second New Deal:
- Political Pressure: Roosevelt faced increasing pressure from left-wing critics, such as Huey Long and Father Coughlin, who advocated for more radical wealth redistribution and government intervention. The rise of these popular movements likely pushed Roosevelt to adopt bolder policies.
- Economic Stimulus: The Second New Deal aimed to increase consumer spending and stimulate economic growth by putting money directly into the hands of working Americans. Programs like the WPA and Social Security aimed to boost demand and accelerate recovery.
- Roosevelt's Legacy: Eager to leave a lasting legacy and ensure his re-election in 1936, Roosevelt used the Second New Deal to solidify his image as a champion of the working class and architect of a fairer, more secure society.

Conclusion:
The Second New Deal was a direct response to the shortcomings of the First New Deal and the persistent economic challenges facing the United States. Driven by the need to provide a safety net for all Americans, tackle the unemployment crisis, and stimulate economic growth, Roosevelt implemented a series of far-reaching programs that redefined the role of government in American society.
While the Second New Deal did not completely end the Great Depression, it brought significant relief to millions, provided crucial infrastructure improvements, and laid the foundation for a more socially responsible government. The programs implemented during this era continue to shape American society today, demonstrating the lasting impact of Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression.