Explain the reasons for the development of public protest in Britain between c1170 and c1900.

Introduction:
Public protest, the act of publicly expressing disapproval or objection to something, has been a constant feature of British history. From medieval peasant revolts to the mass movements of the 19th century, people have taken to the streets, petitioned their leaders, and challenged the status quo. This essay will explore the key factors that contributed to the development of public protest in Britain between c1170 and c1900, highlighting the shifting dynamics of power, the impact of socioeconomic changes, and the growing awareness of rights.

Body Paragraph 1: Medieval Period (c1170-1500)
Limited Forms of Protest:
In the medieval period, public protest was often localized, sporadic, and risky. The monarchy held immense power, and dissent was frequently met with harsh repression. Nevertheless, grievances found expression. Peasant revolts, like Wat Tyler's Rebellion in 1381, were fueled by economic hardship, oppressive taxation (like the poll tax), and a desire for greater social justice. These uprisings, while ultimately unsuccessful, demonstrated the potential for collective action, even in the face of overwhelming odds. Religion also played a role; religious figures and institutions sometimes acted as a voice for the people, challenging the authority of the crown on moral and social issues.

Body Paragraph 2: Early Modern Period (c1500-1750)
Rise of Popular Protest:
The 16th and 17th centuries witnessed significant upheaval and a growth in popular protest. The Reformation, with its challenges to religious authority, fostered a culture of questioning and dissent. The English Civil War (1642-1651) further fueled this trend, leading to the execution of a king and demonstrating the possibility of radical political change. This period saw the emergence of new forms of protest, including pamphlets, petitions, and public demonstrations. Groups like the Levellers and Diggers articulated demands for greater political and economic equality, challenging traditional hierarchies and laying the groundwork for future radical movements.

Body Paragraph 3: 18th Century (c1750-1900)
Enlightenment and Industrial Unrest:
The 18th century witnessed the rise of Enlightenment ideas that emphasized individual rights, popular sovereignty, and the right to challenge unjust rule. This intellectual ferment contributed to a more politically conscious public. Simultaneously, the Industrial Revolution began to dramatically reshape British society. Urbanization, factory life, and the growth of a working class created new social problems and inequalities. The Luddite riots, with their attacks on machinery seen as a threat to livelihoods, exemplified early forms of industrial protest. The rise of early trade unions marked a shift towards more organized labor movements fighting for better working conditions and wages.

Body Paragraph 4: 19th Century
Mass Movements and Reform:
The 19th century saw the development of mass movements that mobilized large segments of the population to demand political and social reform. The Chartist movement, demanding voting rights for working-class men, demonstrated the growing political consciousness of the working class. The Suffragette movement fought tirelessly for women's right to vote, using tactics ranging from peaceful demonstrations to more militant actions. Campaigns against slavery, fueled by moral outrage and growing humanitarian ideals, forced the government to abolish the slave trade and, later, slavery itself. These movements, employing mass meetings, petitions, demonstrations, and media campaigns, illustrated the power of organized public pressure in a rapidly changing society.

Conclusion
The development of public protest in Britain from c1170 to c1900 was a complex process driven by a confluence of factors. Shifting power dynamics, economic hardship, new ideas about rights and representation, and the social upheavals of industrialization all played a part. From localized peasant revolts to national movements demanding suffrage and social justice, the forms and goals of protest evolved, but the underlying desire for a more equitable and just society remained constant. This long history of public engagement and dissent continues to shape Britain's political and social landscape today, demonstrating the enduring power of collective action in challenging authority and driving change.