Explain why Franco‒German relations improved after 1924.
Level
AS LEVEL
Year Examined
2021
Topic
The League of Nations and international relations in the 1920s
👑Complete Model Essay
Explain why Franco‒German relations improved after 1924.
Explanation of Improved Franco-German Relations after 1924
Following the tumultuous period of the Ruhr occupation (1923-1924), Franco-German relations witnessed a marked improvement. Several factors contributed to this positive shift, laying the groundwork for a period of relative peace and cooperation in Europe. The Dawes Plan, economic recovery in Germany, the diplomatic efforts of key individuals, and the Locarno Pact were instrumental in fostering this rapprochement.
The Dawes Plan and Economic Recovery
The implementation of the Dawes Plan in 1924 proved crucial in easing tensions. The plan addressed the crippling issue of reparations imposed on Germany after World War I. By restructuring the payment schedule and providing loans, it alleviated the economic pressure on Germany, reducing resentment towards France. This financial stability, coupled with the introduction of a new currency, the Reichsmark, contributed to Germany's economic recovery. As Germany regained its footing, so too did its capacity for constructive engagement with France.
The Role of Stresemann and Briand
The personal rapport between Gustav Stresemann, German Foreign Minister, and Aristide Briand, his French counterpart, played a significant role in thawing relations. Both statesmen were committed to reconciliation and understood the necessity of cooperation for European stability. Their willingness to engage in dialogue and find common ground created a climate of trust and mutual respect, paving the way for diplomatic breakthroughs.
The Locarno Pact and International Cooperation
The signing of the Locarno Pact in 1925 marked a turning point in Franco-German relations. This agreement saw Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy guarantee the existing borders in Western Europe. For France, this offered a sense of security and recognition of its territorial integrity. For Germany, it signified acceptance back into the international community, culminating in its admission to the League of Nations in 1926. This development, facilitated by the Locarno Pact, further fostered a spirit of cooperation and reduced the likelihood of future conflict.
Conclusion
The improvement in Franco-German relations after 1924 was a product of various interwoven factors. The Dawes Plan eased economic burdens, the diplomatic efforts of Stresemann and Briand built bridges, and the Locarno Pact provided a framework for peaceful coexistence. While this reconciliation proved fragile in the long run, it stands as a testament to the power of diplomacy and economic cooperation in overcoming past conflicts.
**Bibliography**
Evans, Richard J. *The Coming of the Third Reich*. Penguin Books, 2005.
Mazower, Mark. *Governing the World: The History of an Idea*. Penguin Books, 2013.
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Introduction
Briefly outline the state of Franco-German relations after WWI, highlighting the tensions. Mention the Ruhr occupation and its impact. Introduce the idea that despite the difficulties, relations did improve after 1924. Briefly state the main factors you will discuss.
Economic Cooperation and the Dawes Plan
Explain the significance of the Dawes Plan in easing economic tensions. Detail how it addressed reparations, provided loans to Germany, and fostered a degree of economic cooperation. Analyze the short-term and long-term impacts of the plan on Franco-German relations.
Political Diplomacy: Stresemann, Briand, and Locarno
Highlight the roles of Stresemann and Briand in fostering a more conciliatory diplomatic atmosphere. Discuss their personal relationship and shared desire for peace. Explain the significance of the Locarno Treaty in securing Germany's western borders and its impact on Franco-German relations. Briefly mention Germany's admission to the League of Nations and its significance.
Other Contributing Factors
Briefly mention other factors that contributed to improved relations. This could include cultural exchanges, public opinion shifts, and a general desire for peace in the wake of WWI. Avoid going into great detail, but demonstrate awareness of a broader context.
Conclusion
Reiterate the main arguments about the improvement in Franco-German relations after 1924. Offer a balanced perspective, acknowledging the limitations of this rapprochement and hinting at the challenges that lay ahead. Briefly state the significance of this period in the wider context of European international relations.
Extracts from Mark Schemes
Explanation of Improved Franco‒German Relations after 1924:
In the aftermath of the occupation of the Ruhr, several factors contributed to the improvement in Franco‒German relations:
⭐The Dawes Plan effectively resolved the issue of reparations, at least in the short term.
⭐The introduction of a new currency in Germany helped stabilize and improve the economy.
⭐A positive rapport between Gustav Stresemann and Aristide Briand fostered diplomatic relations.
⭐The signing of the Locarno Treaty officially recognized the western borders of Germany with France and Belgium, and facilitated Germany's admission into the League of Nations.
Other legitimate reasons may also be considered for the improvement in Franco‒German relations during this period.