Economic recovery and improved relations
9.3 Towards Improved Relations
The Interwar Years and the Road to World War II
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History Notes
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How did the Dawes Plan and Young Plan contribute to economic recovery and the improvement of relations between Germany and the Allied Powers?
Assess the role of the League of Nations in promoting international cooperation and fostering improved relations after World War I.
Examine the significance of the Locarno Pacts in reducing tensions and restoring trust between Germany and its former enemies.
Discuss the impact of the Kellogg-Briand Pact on international relations and the efforts to prevent future wars.
Analyze the factors that contributed to the breakdown of the spirit of cooperation and the deterioration of relations in the late 1930s.
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Economic recovery and improved relations
Chapter 9: The Interwar Years and the Road to World War II
#9.3 Towards Improved Relations
1. The Rise of International Cooperation:
⭐League of Nations: After World War I, the League of Nations was formed in 1920. Its goal was to prevent future wars through diplomacy and international cooperation.
⭐Key Objectives:
⭐Collective Security: Members pledged to defend each other against aggression.
⭐Disarmament: Reducing national militaries to minimize the threat of war.
⭐International Cooperation: Working together on issues like labor rights, health, and refugees.
⭐The Washington Naval Conference (1921-1922): This conference aimed to limit the size of major navies (specifically US, Japan, Britain, France, and Italy) to prevent an arms race.
⭐Outcome: The conference successfully reduced the number of warships and helped ease tensions between the US and Japan.
2. The Dawes Plan and the Young Plan:
⭐The Dawes Plan (1924): This plan aimed to ease the burden of German war reparations. It restructured the payment schedule, allowed for US loans to Germany, and helped stabilize the German economy.
⭐The Young Plan (1929): This plan further reduced Germany's reparations payments and extended the payment period.
⭐Impact: These plans helped to improve economic conditions in Germany and stabilize relations between Germany and its former enemies.
3. The Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928):
⭐A bold step towards peace: This pact, signed by 62 countries, declared war "illegal" and renounced the use of war as an instrument of national policy.
⭐Significance: It showed a growing desire for international peace and cooperation.
4. Economic Recovery and Improved Relations:
⭐The Roaring Twenties: The 1920s saw a period of economic prosperity in many countries. This helped to improve living standards and contributed to a sense of optimism.
⭐Improved Trade Relations: International trade increased significantly after World War I, fostering economic interdependence and reducing the risk of conflict.
5. The Limitations of Cooperation:
⭐Weak Enforcement: The League of Nations lacked its own army and depended on member states to enforce its decisions. This made it difficult to address serious threats to international peace.
⭐National Interests: Powerful nations often prioritized their own interests over collective action, undermining the League's effectiveness.
⭐The Rise of Nationalism and Fascism: In the 1930s, the rise of aggressive nationalist and fascist ideologies in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan led to a growing disregard for international cooperation and the League's principles.
6. The Shadow of War:
⭐The Great Depression (1929-1939): The global economic crisis worsened political tensions and made cooperation more difficult.
⭐The Failure of Appeasement: The policy of appeasement, which aimed to avoid war by giving in to the demands of aggressive nations, proved ineffective and emboldened aggressors like Nazi Germany.
Conclusion:
The interwar years saw a period of attempts at international cooperation and a fragile period of peace. However, the limitations of these efforts, combined with the rise of aggressive ideologies and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, ultimately paved the way for the outbreak of World War II.
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