Opposition from the Supreme Court

⭐Background: The Supreme Court, dominated by conservative justices, played a significant role in obstructing President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs.
⭐Key Arguments: The Court argued that the New Deal legislation exceeded the federal government's constitutional powers, particularly those related to interstate commerce and the Tenth Amendment (reserved powers of the states).
⭐Major Cases:
⭐Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935): Struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act, which aimed to regulate industry and create jobs.
⭐United States v. Butler (1936): Declared the Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional, which sought to control agricultural production and raise prices.
⭐Carter v. Carter Coal Co. (1936): Invalidated a law regulating the coal industry, citing the Tenth Amendment.
⭐Impact: These rulings hampered the New Deal's effectiveness and created a major political and ideological clash between the executive branch and the judiciary.
⭐Response: Roosevelt proposed the "Court-Packing Plan" to add six new justices to the Supreme Court, but it failed to pass Congress.

The Progressive Era in the United States

⭐Timeline: Roughly from the 1890s to the 1920s.
⭐Key Features:
⭐Social reform: Focused on addressing social problems like poverty, crime, and corruption.
⭐Political reform: Aimed to increase democracy and voter participation.
⭐Economic regulation: Sought to control big businesses and monopolies.
⭐Moral reform: Promoted prohibition, women's suffrage, and other social changes.
⭐Significant Legislation:
⭐Sherman Antitrust Act (1890): Prohibited monopolies and trusts.
⭐Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): Established the Food and Drug Administration.
⭐Meat Inspection Act (1906): Regulated the meatpacking industry.
⭐Clayton Antitrust Act (1914): Strengthened the Sherman Act.
⭐Impact: The Progressive Era led to significant social and political reforms, but its successes were often limited by resistance from powerful interests.

7.3 The New Deal

⭐Context: The New Deal was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's series of programs and reforms implemented in response to the Great Depression.
⭐Goals:
⭐Relief: Provide immediate assistance to those suffering from the economic crisis.
⭐Recovery: Stimulate the economy and create jobs.
⭐Reform: Address underlying structural problems in the economy and society.
⭐Key Programs:
⭐Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): Provided work for unemployed young men on conservation projects.
⭐Works Progress Administration (WPA): Funded public works projects to create jobs.
⭐Social Security Act (1935): Established a system of old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid for the disabled.
⭐National Labor Relations Act (1935): Guaranteed workers the right to organize and bargain collectively.
⭐Impact: The New Deal significantly expanded the role of the federal government in the economy and social welfare, and it helped to alleviate the worst effects of the Great Depression. It also laid the foundation for the modern welfare state.
⭐Limitations: The New Deal did not completely end the Depression, and it faced challenges from both conservative critics and the Supreme Court.
⭐Long-Term Legacy: The New Deal's reforms have had a lasting impact on American society, shaping the modern welfare state and the role of the federal government in regulating the economy.

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