Developments in transport: canals, railways, and steam ships

Raw materials (e.g., iron and coal)

Growth of markets (domestic and international) and growth of free trade

Development of the factory system: steam power and machines

Growth of towns and impact on living conditions (e.g., housing and health)

Impacts on different social classes

Working conditions (e.g., child labour, hours, pay, and safety)

Government reaction to demands for change

Demands for political reform, including Chartists

Government responses to the consequences of industrialisation: early moves towards regulation and control of working and living conditions

Reactions to mechanisation and economic change (e.g., Luddites and Captain Swing riots)

Origins of organised labour (e.g., trade unions and cooperative societies)