Ethics: Ethical guidelines for research with human and animal participants

Validity: Ecological validity, subjectivity/objectivity, demand characteristics, generalizability

Reliability: Inter-rater/inter-observer reliability, test-retest reliability

Strengths: The study provides a detailed account of the child's phobia and the treatment process.

The study demonstrates the effectiveness of classical conditioning in reducing phobic responses.

Weaknesses: Small sample size limits generalizability.

The study used a specific phobia (button phobia), which may not be generalizable to other types of phobias.

The study relied on the therapist's subjective observations, which could have introduced bias into the findings.

Psychology Investigated: The cognitive abilities of parrots.

Background: Previous research on animal cognition had suggested that parrots were capable of learning complex behaviors.

Aim: To investigate whether an African grey parrot could learn the concepts of "same" and "different."

Procedure: The parrot, Alex, was trained through social learning and operant conditioning to answer questions about object categories (color, shape, and material).