Under-socialisation as a Primary Cause of Deviance

The assertion that under-socialisation stands as the primary driver of deviance presents a compelling argument within the realm of sociology. This perspective posits that inadequate exposure to societal norms, values, and acceptable behaviours, particularly during formative years, can significantly elevate the likelihood of individuals engaging in deviant acts. This essay delves into the intricacies of under-socialisation, examining its profound influence on behaviour, the role of family background, and the emergence of an 'underclass' as purported by some sociological perspectives.

The Profound Impact of Under-socialisation

At its core, under-socialisation underscores the critical importance of early socialisation in moulding individuals' behaviour patterns. When individuals, especially during childhood and adolescence, lack immersion in environments that foster pro-social values, they remain bereft of the essential moral compass guiding them towards socially acceptable conduct. This absence creates a void, leaving individuals susceptible to embracing deviant behaviours as norms, often mirroring the behaviours prevalent within their immediate surroundings.

For instance, the work of Albert Bandura on social learning theory highlights the significance of observational learning in shaping behaviour. Children growing up in environments where aggression and violence are commonplace are more likely to internalise and replicate such behaviours, perceiving them as acceptable modes of interaction. Bandura, A. (1961). Social Learning Theory.

Family Background and the Perpetuation of Deviance

The family unit stands as the primary agent of socialisation, wielding immense influence over a child's developing moral framework. When this foundation is fractured by inadequate parenting, domestic turmoil, or an absence of positive role models, the risk of under-socialisation and its associated deviant outcomes escalates. Children raised in such environments may lack the emotional regulation, empathy, and respect for societal rules that are typically instilled through effective socialisation.

Supporting this notion, research by Robert Merton on strain theory suggests that individuals who experience a disconnect between societal goals and legitimate means of achieving them are more prone to deviance. Merton, R. K. (1938). Social Structure and Anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672–682.

The Emergence of an 'Underclass'

Certain sociological perspectives, particularly those rooted in the concept of an 'underclass,' posit a strong correlation between economic deprivation, social exclusion, and criminal behaviour. This argument rests on the premise that prolonged exposure to poverty, unemployment, and limited access to opportunities can foster a sense of alienation and resentment towards societal norms, making deviant acts, including crime, more likely. The term 'underclass' itself carries inherent implications of social stratification and the perpetuation of disadvantage across generations.

This resonates with the work of Charles Murray, who argues that an overgenerous welfare system can create dependency and disincentivise work, leading to a cycle of poverty and crime. Murray, C. (1984). Losing ground: American social policy, 1950-1980. Basic Books.

Conclusion

While under-socialisation undeniably emerges as a significant factor contributing to deviance, attributing it as the sole or primary cause presents an incomplete picture. The intricate interplay of social, economic, and cultural influences must be acknowledged. Poverty, discrimination, peer pressure, and exposure to criminal subcultures all contribute to the complex tapestry of factors shaping deviant behaviour. Nonetheless, understanding the profound impact of early socialisation and the potential consequences of its absence remains crucial in addressing and mitigating the roots of deviance within society.