Outline two ways in which the roles of men and women in the family are changing.

The traditional nuclear family, with a male breadwinner and female homemaker, has been challenged in recent decades by significant changes in the roles of men and women. While remnants of this traditional structure persist, two key ways in which these roles are evolving are the increase in dual-earner families and the rise of more egalitarian divisions of domestic labor.

Firstly, the rise of dual-earner families has drastically altered the economic landscape of the family. As women have entered the workforce in increasing numbers, spurred on by factors like educational achievements and changing societal expectations (Sharpe's concept of changing aspirations), the traditional model of the sole male breadwinner has become less prevalent. This shift has led to the emergence of dual-earner and dual-career families as explored by Cheal. This change necessitates new strategies for managing family life, with both partners juggling work and domestic responsibilities. This economic independence for women can also lead to greater autonomy and decision-making power within the family, challenging traditional patriarchal structures.

Secondly, while not yet fully realized, a move towards more egalitarian divisions of domestic labor is observable. Gershuny's research indicates that men are taking on an increased share of housework, though women continue to shoulder a larger burden. This shift, albeit gradual, suggests a move towards the symmetrical family as envisioned by Wilmott and Young, characterized by shared decision-making and more equal divisions of labor. The rise of "intimate fathering", as highlighted by researchers like Dermott, Hatter et al, Thompson, and Seville, further supports this notion, emphasizing fathers' increasing involvement in childcare and emotional support. However, it is important to acknowledge that women often still bear the brunt of the "triple shift", encompassing paid work, housework, and emotional labor, as noted by Dunscombe and Marsden.

In conclusion, the roles of men and women within the family are undergoing significant transformations. While complete equality remains elusive, the rise of dual-earner families and shifts towards more egalitarian divisions of labor represent important steps towards a more balanced and equitable family structure. These changes are not without their challenges, as families navigate new dynamics and potential conflicts. However, they reflect a broader societal shift towards gender equality and a redefinition of traditional gender roles within the context of the family.