How Violence in the Media May Influence Violence in Society

The impact of media violence on societal violence is a complex and hotly debated issue. While a definitive causal link remains elusive, a multitude of theories and studies suggest a strong correlation between the two. This essay will explore some of the key ways in which violence portrayed in media can influence violent behavior in society.

Imitation and the Hypodermic Needle Model

One of the most direct ways media violence can influence societal violence is through copycat violence. This concept suggests that individuals, particularly young people, may imitate violent behaviors they observe in movies, television shows, or video games. This aligns with the hypodermic needle model, which posits that media messages are directly injected into the minds of audiences, leading to an immediate and powerful effect. For instance, after the release of the film "Natural Born Killers" (1994), a number of copycat crimes were reported, suggesting a possible link between media representation and real-life violence (Fergusson, 2014).

Desensitization and the Erosion of Empathy

However, the influence of media violence extends beyond direct imitation. Constant exposure to violence in entertainment can lead to desensitization, where individuals become less sensitive and empathetic towards violence in real life. This can normalize aggressive behavior and potentially lower inhibitions against acting violently. A study by Anderson et al. (2003) found that exposure to violent video games was associated with increased aggression and decreased empathy among young people, supporting the desensitization hypothesis.

Media Role Models and the Glamorization of Violence

Furthermore, the media often portrays violent behavior in a glamorized light, particularly when enacted by attractive or heroic characters. This is especially true for male characters, perpetuating a harmful association between masculinity and violence. These media role models can influence viewers, particularly younger audiences, to perceive violence as an acceptable or even desirable way to solve problems or gain power.

Moral Panic and Exaggerated Perceptions

It is also important to acknowledge the role of moral panics. Media outlets, driven by the need to attract viewers, can sometimes sensationalize and exaggerate issues related to violence, creating exaggerated perceptions of danger and contributing to a climate of fear. This can lead to increased vigilance, prejudice, and even reactive violence within communities. The portrayal of youth subcultures, such as punk or rap, as inherently violent, often based on limited evidence, is a prime example of how moral panics can arise (Cohen, 1972).

Alternative Perspectives: Catharsis and Sensitization

While the points above highlight the potential negative impacts, it is crucial to acknowledge alternative perspectives. Some argue that engaging with violent media, particularly video games, can provide a safe outlet for aggression, acting as a form of catharsis. However, research supporting this catharsis theory remains inconclusive. Conversely, exposure to violence, particularly in news media, can also lead to sensitization, prompting viewers to become more aware of the consequences of violence and advocate for its reduction.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while a direct causal link between media violence and societal violence remains difficult to definitively prove, a substantial body of evidence suggests a strong correlation. From copycat violence to desensitization, glamorization by media role models, and the creation of moral panics, the ways in which media portrays violence can have a profound influence on individual attitudes and behaviors, potentially contributing to a more violent society. It is crucial to approach media consumption critically and encourage media literacy to mitigate these potential negative impacts.

References

Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2003). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12(5), 353-359. Cohen, S. (1972). Folk devils and moral panics: The creation of the mods and rockers. London: MacGibbon & Kee. Fergusson, C. J. (2014). Violent video games, catharsis, and the six dangers of blaming the medium. In J. Jones (Ed.), A new psychology of language: From negative to positive discourse (pp. 237-256). Palgrave Macmillan.