7 Evaluate the view that ‘same-sex families’ are a threat to the nuclear family norm.
OCR
A Level
2018
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Evaluate the view that ‘same-sex families’ are a threat to the nuclear family norm.
This essay will evaluate the view that same-sex families are a threat to the nuclear family norm. It will consider the arguments for and against this view, drawing on sociological theories, studies, and concepts. It will also consider statistical trends and patterns relating to family diversity.
Introduction
The traditional nuclear family, consisting of a married heterosexual couple with children, has been the dominant family form in Western societies for many centuries. However, in recent decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the diversity of family forms, including same-sex families. This has led some to argue that same-sex families are a threat to the nuclear family norm. This essay will evaluate this view, considering the evidence from sociological theories, studies, and concepts.
Arguments for the view that same-sex families are a threat to the nuclear family norm
One of the main arguments for this view is that same-sex families challenge the traditional definition of family, which is based on heterosexual marriage and biological reproduction. This view is often associated with the New Right, which argues that the nuclear family is the cornerstone of society and that any deviation from this norm is harmful. For example, the New Right argues that same-sex families can have negative effects on children, as they are denied the benefits of having both a mother and a father.
Another argument for this view is that same-sex families are a sign of the decline of the nuclear family norm. This argument is based on the functionalist perspective, which sees the nuclear family as essential for the smooth functioning of society. The functionalists argue that the decline of the nuclear family norm is leading to a breakdown of social order and an increase in social problems. They believe that same-sex families are a symptom of this decline, and that they can contribute to it.
Arguments against the view that same-sex families are a threat to the nuclear family norm
There are a number of arguments against the view that same-sex families are a threat to the nuclear family norm.
- Studies on same-sex families: Studies have shown that children raised in same-sex families are just as well-adjusted as children raised in heterosexual families. For example, a study by Weeks, Heaphy and Donovan found that children raised in same-sex families are no more likely to experience problems with their gender identity or sexual orientation than children raised in heterosexual families.
- Diversity of family forms: The increase in family diversity is a natural progression, as societies become more individualistic and less patriarchal. This is supported by the work of Anthony Giddens, who argues that modernity has led to a shift from traditional, patriarchal families to more fluid and negotiated relationships. This includes the increasing acceptance of same-sex families, which are simply one expression of this diversity.
- The decline of heteronormativity: The rise of same-sex families contributes to the decline of heteronormativity, which assumes that heterosexuality is the only normal and acceptable sexual orientation. This is a positive development, as it challenges traditional assumptions about gender and sexuality.
Evaluation
The view that same-sex families are a threat to the nuclear family norm is a simplistic and outdated view. It fails to recognize the reality of family diversity and the fact that same-sex families are just one expression of this diversity. The evidence from sociological studies suggests that children raised in same-sex families are just as well-adjusted as children raised in heterosexual families. Furthermore, the increase in family diversity is a positive development, as it challenges traditional assumptions about gender and sexuality.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the view that same-sex families are a threat to the nuclear family norm is not supported by the evidence. Same-sex families are not a threat to the nuclear family norm, but rather a natural progression of family diversity in modern society. They contribute to the decline of heteronormativity and the creation of a more inclusive and tolerant society.
**Note:** This is just an outline/plan for an A-Level essay. You will need to expand on these points and provide evidence from relevant sociological theories, studies and concepts. You should also consider the different perspectives on this issue and critically evaluate the arguments.
Evaluate the view that ‘same-sex families’ are a threat to the nuclear family norm.
The traditional nuclear family, consisting of a married heterosexual couple and their biological children, has long been upheld as the societal ideal. However, the rise of same-sex families has challenged this norm, leading some to argue that they pose a threat to the established family structure. This essay will critically evaluate this view, exploring sociological perspectives on family diversity and the impact of same-sex relationships on society.
The New Right and Functionalist Perspectives: A Perceived Threat
Conservative perspectives, particularly the New Right, often view same-sex families as detrimental to social order. They argue that the nuclear family is essential for social stability, providing clear gender roles and effective socialisation for children. From this viewpoint, same-sex families deviate from the "natural" order and undermine traditional values. Similarly, functionalists like Murdock argue that the nuclear family performs vital functions, such as primary socialisation and economic stability, which are best achieved within a traditional structure.
However, these perspectives have been widely criticised for being outdated and heteronormative. They fail to acknowledge the diversity of family forms that exist and have always existed throughout history. Moreover, research by Weeks, Heaphy, and Donovan demonstrates that same-sex families are just as capable of providing loving and supportive environments for children as heterosexual families.
Shifting Social Norms and the Decline of the Heteronorm
Contemporary sociology acknowledges the significant shift in societal values and family structures. Giddens and Beck argue that we are living in a period of individualisation, where personal choice and self-fulfillment are prioritised. This has led to a decline in the heteronorm - the assumption that heterosexuality is the only normal and natural sexual orientation.
Furthermore, the concept of confluent love, where relationships are based on emotional intimacy and personal satisfaction rather than tradition or economic necessity, has gained prominence. This shift has paved the way for greater acceptance of diverse family forms, including same-sex families.
Statistical Trends and Public Opinion
Statistical data further supports the notion that society is becoming more accepting of same-sex families. The British Social Attitudes Survey (2012) revealed that only 28% of respondents believed that same-sex relationships were wrong. Additionally, ONS statistics show a steady increase in the number of same-sex couples forming families. These trends indicate a growing acceptance of family diversity and challenge the idea that same-sex families are a threat to societal norms.
Challenging the Notion of "Threat" and Emphasizing Choice
It is crucial to critically evaluate the language used when discussing same-sex families. The term "threat" carries negative connotations and implies an inherent danger, which is not supported by sociological evidence. Instead, sociologists like Fletcher argue that we are witnessing the emergence of neo-conventional families, which encompass a wider range of diverse forms, including same-sex families.
Calhoun further argues that modern life is characterised by choice and that same-sex families represent another valid choice in how individuals form families. This perspective emphasizes the importance of individual autonomy and challenges the view that one type of family structure is inherently superior to others.
The Importance of Diverse Family Structures
Studies like Guasp's research on children raised in same-sex families demonstrate that these children thrive in loving and supportive environments. This challenges the assumption that children need a traditional nuclear family to develop appropriately. Instead, it highlights the adaptability of children and the importance of a loving and supportive family environment, regardless of structure.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the claim that same-sex families pose a threat to the nuclear family norm is not supported by sociological evidence. Societal values and family structures are constantly evolving, and the rise of same-sex families reflects this ongoing transformation. Rather than being a threat, same-sex families contribute to the growing diversity of family forms and challenge outdated notions of what constitutes a "normal" family. By embracing this diversity, we can create a more inclusive and equitable society for all.
Free Mark Scheme Extracts
Theories
• New Right
• Functionalism
Studies
• Weeks, Heaphy and Donovan - increased diversity
• Morgan
• Murdock
• British Social Attitudes survey / ONS statistics
• Beck
• Giddens
Concepts
• Decline of the heteronorm
• Individualisation and individualism
• Confluent love
• Neo-conventional families
Candidates may refer to statistical trends and patterns relating to family diversity.
Evaluation
• Guasp (different families) -study of children in same sex families
• Fletcher - neo conventional families
• Calhoun – although seen as family outlaws modern life is about choice and thus it is another choice that avoids the exploitation of heterosexual relationships.
• British social attitudes survey 2012 found that there are only 28% who though sexual relations between same sex were wrong.
• Evaluation of the notion that the same sex relationships are a "threat" - this is a negative portrayal.