Changes in Wider Society and Female Attainment in Education

Over the past few decades, there has been a significant shift in female attainment in education, with girls now outperforming boys at all levels. This essay will argue that this trend can be largely attributed to profound changes in wider society, impacting girls' aspirations, opportunities, and societal expectations.

Shifting Aspirations and the Pursuit of Independence

One significant change is the growing trend among girls to prioritize their own social identity and financial independence. As Beck (1992) argues, we live in a 'risk society' characterized by uncertainty and individualization. In this context, girls are increasingly seeking to secure their financial futures through education and careers, rather than relying solely on marriage or traditional gender roles. This shift is fueled by the desire for greater agency and control over their lives, a stark contrast to previous generations.

Evolution of Career Priorities and Family Structures

This shift in aspirations aligns with changing priorities regarding marriage and children. Sharpe's (1974, 1994) research highlighted how girls in the past prioritized marriage and family over careers. However, contemporary society witnesses a delay in marriage and childbirth as women pursue higher education and establish themselves professionally. This reflects a cultural shift where women no longer feel obligated to adhere to traditional timelines, prioritizing personal and professional growth.

Legislative Changes and the Opening of Opportunities

Furthermore, legislation against employment discrimination and for equal pay has been instrumental in opening up new career opportunities for women. The Equal Pay Act (1970) and the Sex Discrimination Act (1975) are prime examples of how legal frameworks have dismantled structural barriers, enabling women to access previously male-dominated fields and strive for leadership positions. This has created a virtuous cycle where increased opportunities encourage girls to pursue higher education to capitalize on these newfound prospects.

Impact of Feminism and Changing Societal Norms

The impact of feminist ideas cannot be understated. Feminism, through its various waves, has permeated politics, media, and education, challenging traditional gender roles and promoting gender equality. This has led to a greater awareness of gender discrimination and a push for equal opportunities in education. Teachers, often influenced by these changing societal norms, play a significant role in encouraging girls to achieve their full potential, fostering a supportive learning environment that challenges stereotypical gender roles in learning.

Economic Transformations and the Rise of Flexible Work

The growth of the service sector, with its emphasis on non-manual, flexible, and part-time work, has also played a role. This sector often provides opportunities for women to balance work and family life, something that was traditionally challenging in male-dominated fields. This flexibility allows women to pursue both career aspirations and family life, contributing to the rise in female educational attainment.

Role Models and the Power of Representation

Finally, the increase in female role models in work and public life serves as a powerful source of inspiration for young girls. Seeing women succeed in diverse fields, from politics and business to science and technology, breaks down stereotypes and demonstrates that there are no limits to what women can achieve. These role models provide tangible proof of the progress made and inspire girls to break through glass ceilings.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the significant improvement in female educational attainment is not an isolated phenomenon but rather a reflection of wider societal transformations. Changes in aspirations, family structures, legislation, feminist influences, economic shifts, and the rise of female role models have all contributed to creating an environment where girls are empowered to succeed. This multifaceted progress highlights a positive shift towards greater gender equality, with education serving as a cornerstone for female empowerment and societal advancement.