‘The geographical advantages of the Reds were the most important reason for their victory in the Russian Civil War.’ How far do you agree?

How important was the occupation of the Ruhr amongst the social and economic problems in Weimar Germany, 1919–24?

‘Dependence on oil was the main cause of the Gulf War of 1991.

‘The years from 1948 to 1954 were more significant than the years from 1954 to 1978 in the development of the Apartheid system in South Africa.’ How far do you agree?

How successful was the Kuomintang under the leadership of Sun Yatsen?

Why did Deng Xiaoping introduce reforms aimed at women and young people between 1976 and 1981?

Assess the impact of foreign affairs on domestic government during the period 1929 to 1939.

How far did Napoleon as First Consul, 1799‒1804, maintain the principles of the Revolution?

Assess the reasons for the introduction of Stalin’s first five-year plan in 1928.

‘Involvement in the Spanish Civil War marked the greatest failure of Mussolini’s foreign policy during the years from 1922 to 1940.’ How far do you agree?

0 7 Explain the reasons for the failure of the policy of détente between the USA and the USSR. [8 marks] The indicative content is designed to exemplify the qualities expected at each level and is not a full exemplar answer. All historically relevant and valid answers should be credited.

How important was the Marshall Plan to the growth of Cold War tensions by 1949?