Upon waking, participants were asked to report whether they had been dreaming.

Sample: 7 male participants.

Sampling Technique: Opportunity sampling.

Controls: Not specified.

Ethical Issues: The study involved waking participants repeatedly during the night, which could have been disruptive and potentially harmful to their sleep patterns.

Results: The study found a strong correlation between REM sleep and dreaming. Participants were much more likely to report dreaming if woken up during REM sleep than during non-REM sleep.

Conclusion: The study provided strong evidence for the association between REM sleep and dreaming.

Strengths: The use of EEGs provided an objective measure of sleep stages.

The study involved repeated awakenings throughout the night, providing a more comprehensive picture of dream recall.

Weaknesses: Small sample size limits generalizability.

Participants were all male, which raises concerns about the representativeness of the findings.

The study relied on self-reported dream recall, which is subjective.